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Tullow Oil plc is a multinational oil and gas exploration company founded in Tullow, Ireland with its headquarters in London, United Kingdom.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.tullowoil.com/index.asp?pageid=13 )〕 It has interests in over 150 licenses across 25 countries with 67 producing fields and in 2012 produced on average 79,200 barrels of oil equivalent per day.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tullow at a glance )〕 Its largest activities are in Africa and the Atlantic Margins, where it has discovered new oil provinces in Ghana, Uganda, Kenya and French Guiana. Tullow’s main production comes from six countries in Africa as well as the Southern North Sea and Asia.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Africa )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Major projects )〕 Ghana's offshore Jubilee oil field which was discovered in 2007 and started production in December 2010 is Tullow's largest discovery.〔 As at 31 December 2012 Tullow had total group reserves and resources of 1.2 billion barrels of oil equivalent including commercial reserves of 388 million barrels of oil equivalent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=2012 Preliminary results )〕 Tullow's 2012 exploration and appraisal drilling success rate was 74%〔 around double the industry average; this success has been ascribed to its drilling in geological formations similar to those in which oil has been discovered at other locations. For example, a formation off the coast of South America which is similar to formations in West Africa.〔 Tullow has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 250 Index. It has a market capitalisation of approximately £2.75 billion as of 15 July 2015.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=FTSE All-Share Index Ranking )〕 It has secondary listings on the Ghana Stock Exchange and Irish Stock Exchange. ==History== The Company was founded by Aidan Heavey in 1985 in Tullow, Ireland as a gas exploration business operating in Senegal.〔 Following the signing of a licence agreement in Senegal in 1986, gas production and sales commenced in 1987. The same year Tullow listed its shares on the London Stock Exchange and Irish Stock Exchange - Tullow joined the FTSE 100 index in September 2007.〔〔 In 1988, Tullow expanded its operations into the UK by acquiring exploration acreage and proven gas fields. In 1989, Tullow was awarded its first onshore UK licence and acquired exploration acreage in Spain, Italy and South Yemen.〔 In 1990, Tullow signed its first license agreement in Pakistan, laying the foundations for the Group's South Asia portfolio of assets. Gas was discovered at the Sara field in Pakistan in 1994 and eventually brought on stream in 1999. New countries were added throughout the decade with licenses acquired in Bangladesh, India, Côte d'Ivoire, Egypt and Romania. Activities were relinquished in four countries during the period.〔 2000 saw the beginning of a period of an accelerated pace of activity for Tullow, starting with the announcement of a £201 million〔 acquisition of producing gas fields and related infrastructure in the UK Southern North Sea from BP. This proved to be a catalyst for the Group's positioning as a leading player in the CMS and Thames/Hewett areas. In 2000, Tullow re-registered in the UK.〔 2001 to 2003 was the first defining and transformational period for the Group with the integration of its 2000 UK acquisition and growing production in core areas, as a result of re-investment in exploration and development activities. Strong increases in sales and profits were achieved and Tullow focused its financial resources and management attention on offshore UK, West Africa and South Asia.〔 The Group more than doubled in size in 2004, mainly as a result of the Energy Africa acquisition which was completed in May that year for $570m.〔 Overall Tullow spent US$1 billion on acquisitions and investments in 2004, creating a strong portfolio of international exploration, production and development assets. The integration of Energy Africa progressed well and Tullow delivered a very good operational and financial performance in 2005. It had two UK North Sea gas discoveries, one discovery in Gabon and one in Mauritania.〔 In 2006, the company began drilling its first well in Uganda and has since drilled circa 50 wells around the Lake Albert region.〔 There were five oil discoveries in Uganda during 2006, which established the existence of a working hydrocarbon basin and marked the beginning of proving up a world-class major new oil province there. Tullow also announced its largest acquisition ever with a US$1.1 billion bid for Hardman Resources Limited.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Personal finance - How to grow your wealth and spend less money - Telegraph )〕 This transaction became effective in December 2006 and completed in January 2007.〔 In 2007, Tullow drilled two deep water wells offshore Ghana discovering the massive Jubilee field〔(Ghana Discovers More Oil! ) Ghana web, 25 February 2008〕 – its largest ever discovery and the beginnings of proving up a second new major oil province.〔 2008–2009 was its next phase of growth with a major focus on Africa, based on delivering first oil in Ghana in 2010.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tullow Ghana First Oil )〕 In February 2010, the oil firm initiated a "tax planning" exercise that was criticised by Heritage’s counsel during the Heritage / Tullow court case in 2013 as an attempt to reduce the amount of tax the firm was liable to pay in Uganda. Richard Inch, Head of Tax at Tullow, firmly rejected the criticism whilst giving evidence in this case.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= Salutary Lessons from Tullow Court Case )〕 In November 2010, the Jubilee field was brought on to production,〔 in record time, some 40 months after its discovery. A new major discovery was also made at the Enyenra (Owo) and Tweneboa fields in Ghana during the year.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A brief timeline )〕 In 2011 the company bought into twenty five Dutch, North Sea Gas fields and in March 2012 a new oil reserve was discovered in Kenya. In 2012 the company encountered non-commercial reservoirs at its Teak-4A well off Ghana leading to the well having to be plugged and abandoned. Tullow completed the purchase of Heritage Oil’s licences in the Lake Albert area in 2010 for $1.45bn and on 21 February 2012 completed a farm down of two thirds of its interests to Total and CNOOC for US$2.9 billion. But Tullow and its partners have yet to reach agreement with the Government of Uganda over a plan to develop Lake Albert including a proposed refinery and export-pipeline. In 2012 there were some production delays at the Jubilee field〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Jubilee Field Produces 110,000 Crude Oil Daily )〕 but the Company announced on 13 February 2013 that production issues at the Jubilee field had been successfully and cost-effectively remediated and that production was now at around 110,000 bopd with an expected 2013 year end exit rate of over 120,000 bopd.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=2012 Full year results )〕 The firm and its leadership were criticised in January 2013 after a decrease in its share price. This was reportedly because the company had failed to reach production targets at a project in Ghana because of ‘operational hiccups’. This prompted the broker Investec to rate the company a ‘sell’ and decrease its target price.〔 Also causing problems were the oil fields known as the TEN that Tullow discovered off the coast of Ghana. The fields were a significant find but the projected development cost of the fields was estimated to exceed $5 billion, which is too much for a firm of Tullow’s size.〔 The Company has suggested it may reduce its share in projects to help reduce the cost burden of developments.〔 In Uganda, Tullow and its partners (CNOCC and Total) continues to work with the government of Uganda on the development plan for Lake Albert which is to include a local refinery and international pipeline.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Uganda )〕 In April 2014, Tullow braced itself for a substantial investor backlash over excessive payouts to senior directors at the company. CEO Aidan Heavey came under particular scrutiny after it emerged that his pay had risen from £2.6 million to £2.8 million in 2013, despite Tullow's share price decreasing by as much as 30 percent during that period.〔(Tullow faces pay backlash ) Sunday Times, April 2014〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tullow Oil」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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